DESCRIBING OF THE SALMON

DESCRIBING OF THE SALMON

 

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FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN DAN PERTANIAN

UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

SEMARANG

2012

CHAPTER I

A.   External Anathomy Of Salmon

1.    The Fins

a.    Dorsal Fin: Provides steering control and balance

b.    Adipose Fin: There is no known use; however, this fin is often clipped to differentiate hatchery fish from wild fish

c.    Pectoral Fins: Aids in stabilization, maneuvering, and braking.

d.    Pelvic Fins: Aids in stabilization, maneuvering, and braking.

e.    Anal Fin: Provides balance.

f.     Caudal Fin: Also known as the tail fin it provides the main source of propulsion. Females use their caudal fin to dig their redd (nest).

2.      Body Shape

The overall body of a salmon is streamlined for easier movement through the water. 

3.      External Body Parts

a.    Nares: Fish use their nostrils for smelling, not for breathing.

b.    Eyes: Fish eyes can see both to the left and right at the same time, and each eye can move independently.

c.    Mouth: Allows the fish to take in food. All salmon have teeth, but some have bigger teeth than others.

d.    Operculum (Gill Cover): Protects the gills, similar to how a human’s rib cage protects the lungs.

e.    Lateral Line: A line that runs down the center of the fish. The line has little holes in it to help the fish sense vibrations in the water. These vibrations help fish tell the movements of other animals and objects in the water.

f.     Scales: Protective outer layer. Scales overlap one another to form armor like plating around the fish. An up-close look at a scale reveals rings that can be used to determine the age of a fish, much like counting the rings on a tree.

g.    Caudal Peduncle: The narrow region of the body of a fish just in front of the caudal fin. Provides the muscle to power the caudal fin.

B.     Internal Anathomy of Salmon

1.    Respiratory System

a.      Gills: Salmon breath oxygen. They extract oxygen from the water using gills. Salmon have 8 gills, 4 on each side of the head. Each gill consists of a bony arch fringed with thin-walled tissues called gill filaments. These filaments have many small blood vessels. Water is pumped in through the mouth and sent over the gills. As the water flows over the gills oxygen diffuses in to the blood and CO2 diffuses out of the blood.

b.      Gill Rakers: Rakers are attached to the gill arch to guide food to the throat and to prevent it from entering the gills.

2.    Nervous System

a.    Brain: This organ coordinates the messages received about the environment from the sensory organs i.e.: eyes, lateral line, nares etc. The forebrain controls smell, the midbrain vision, and learning responses to stimuli, and the hindbrain coordinates movement, muscles, and balance.

b.    Spinal Cord: Runs parallel to the backbone and nerves branch from it to various parts of the body.

c.    Swim Bladder: The bladder is filled with gas and is used for buoyancy control. Gas passes into and out of the bladder from the blood. A full bladder will allow the fish to rise in the water column, while an empty bladder will allow the fish to move deeper into the water column.

3.    Excretory System

a.      Kidney: Salmon have 2 kidneys that are joined together. Kidney’s help maintain the body’s fluid and chemical balance. The front kidney produces and replaces red blood cells and the back kidney filters waste from the blood. The Kidney is the main excretory organ that removes waste from the body.

b.      Vent: The body’s exit. The vent releases undigested materials as well as eggs and sperm during spawning.

c.      Urinary Bladder: Resourvoir which collects urine from the the kidneys.

4.    Reproductive System

a.    Testes/Eggs: Male and female gametes which create the next generation.

5.    Digestive System

a.    Intestine: Section of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus where nutrients are absorbed and waste is transformed into fecal matter.

b.    Stomach: Stores food and begins to digest food with digestion juices.

c.    Pyloric Caeca: A special intestinal pouch where most of the fish’s digestion and food absorption.

d.   Liver: Largest organ in the salmon’s body, it synthesizes and secretes the essential nutrients (amino acids i.e. proteins) that are contained in food. It also helps to maintain proper levels of blood chemicals and sugars. In addition it secretes green bile that is used to break down fats in food.

e.   Gallbladder: Stores the green bile secreted by the liver.

6.    Circulatory System

a.   Spleen: A store house of blood for emergencies as well as a recycling plant for worn-out red blood cells. It also produces white blood cells to help protect the body against disease and infection.

b.   Heart: 4 chambered hearts only receives low oxygenated blood (venous blood). The first chamber receives the venous blood. The blood then goes to the second chamber the atrium, which regulates the flow into the third chamber, the ventricle. The ventricle serves as the active pump which sends the blood to the forth chamber the arterioses which smoothes the pulses of the pump. The blood is then sent away from the heart to the gills where it releases carbon dioxide and becomes oxygenated.

C.   Diference of Male and Female Salmon

1.    Typical Coloration, Males may display a vertical pattern of bars along the sides, and spawning females will usually display a dark vertical stripe.

2.    Body Shape, Male spawners are deeper bodied than females, and have flat sides with hollow bellies. The females retain the more slender body shape of the ocean fish.

3.    Head and Jaws, The males display larger heads with elongated jaws, hooked snouts, and characteristic strongly developed teeth. The head of the female changes only slightly from the ocean form, with a slight elongation of the jaws and development of more modest spawner teeth.

4.    Adipose Fins - An often over-looked sexual characteristic in Pacific salmon is the enlarged adipose fin on mature males, typically 2-3 time larger than on female fish.

CHAPTER II

A.   Description of the Salmon

Salmon is the common name for several species of fish in the family Salmonidae. Several other fish in the same family are called trout. The difference is often said to be that salmon migrate and trout are resident, but this distinction does not strictly hold true. Salmon live along the coasts of both the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and have also been introduced into the Great Lakes of North America. Salmon are intensively produced in aquaculture in many parts of the world. Salmon have a standard fish body form. Salmon have three obvious unique characteristics that can be used to separate them from other fish anatomically. Salmon skin is covered with protective scales, secreted by the epidermal (skin) cells. Salmon all have gills, for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Salmon have excellent vision. They can see both in front of their bodies and to the sides. Salmon are unique in being anadromous. They are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. However, populations of several species are restricted to fresh water through their lives.

Clasification of the Antlantic Salmon

Kingdom     : Animalia
Phylum       : Chordata
Class          : Actinopterygii
Order          : Salmoniformes
Family        : Salmonidae
Genus         : Salmo
Species      : Salmo salar

Clasification of the Pacific Salmon

Kingdom     : Animalia
Phylum       : Chordata
Class          : Actinopterygii
Order          : Salmoniformes
Family        : Salmonidae
Genus         : Oncorhynchus
Species      : Oncorhynchus uninformed

Species of  the Salmon

1. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reproduces in northern rivers on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean.

       i.       Land-locked salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago) live in a number of lakes in eastern North America and in Northern Europe, for instance in lakes Onega, Ladoga, Saimaa and Vänern. They are not a different species from the Atlantic salmon, but have independently evolved a non-migratory life cycle, which they maintain even when they could access the ocean.

2.    Masu salmon or cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) is found only in the western Pacific Ocean in Japan, Korea and Russia. A land-locked subspecies known as the Taiwanese salmon or Formosan salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) is found in central Taiwan's Chi Chia Wan Stream.

3. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is also known in the US as king salmon or blackmouth salmon, and as spring salmon in British Columbia. Chinook are the largest of all Pacific salmon, frequently exceeding 30 lb (14 kg). The name Tyee is used in British Columbia to refer to Chinook over 30 pounds, and in Columbia River watershed, especially large Chinook were once referred to as June hogs. Chinook salmon are known to range as far north as the Mackenzie River and Kugluktuk in the central Canadian arctic, and as far south as the Central California Coast.

4. Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is known as dog, keta, or calico salmon in some parts of the US. This species has the widest geographic range of the Pacific species:south to the Sacramento River in California in the eastern Pacific and the island of Kyūshū in the Sea of Japan in the western Pacific; north to the Mackenzie River  in Canada in the east and to the Lena River  in Siberia in the west.

5. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is also known in the US as silver salmon. This species is found throughout the coastal waters of Alaska and British Columbia and as far south as Central California (Monterey Bay).  It is also now known to occur, albeit infrequently, in the Mackenzie River.

6. Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), known as humpies in southeast and southwest Alaska, are found from northern California and Korea, throughout the northern Pacific, and from the Mackenzie River  in Canada to the Lena River in Siberia, usually in shorter coastal streams. It is the smallest of the Pacific species, with an average weight of 3.5 to 4.0 lb (1.6 to 1.8 kg).

7. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is also known in the US as red salmon. This lake-rearing species is found south as far as the Klamath River  in California in the eastern Pacific and northern Hokkaidō island in Japan in the western Pacific and as far north as Bathurst Inlet in the Canadian Arctic  in the east and the Anadyr River  in Siberia  in the west. Although most adult Pacific salmon feed on small fish, shrimp and squid; sockeye feed on plankton  they filter through gill rakers.  Kokanee salmon is a land-locked form of sockeye salmon.

8. The Danube salmon or huchen (Hucho hucho), is the largest permanent fresh water salmonid species.

B.     Habitat of the Salmon

Habitat loss and modification are believed to be the major factors determining the current status of salmonid populations. Conservation and recovery of Pacific Northwest salmon and steelhead depend on having diverse habitats with connections among those habitats. The salmonid lifecycle involves adults maturing in the ocean, migrating back to their home streams and spawning, embryos incubating, fry emerging, juveniles growing, and smolts migrating to the estuary to acclimate to saltwater and moving out into the ocean. Each phase may require use of and access to distinct habitats. Loss of habitat reduces the diversity in salmon and steelhead life histories, which influences the ability of these fish to adapt to natural and man-made change.

Salmon need freshwater habitat that includes:

1.     Cool, clean water

2.     Appropriate water depth, quantity and flow velocities

3.     Upland and riparian (stream bank) vegetation to stabilize soil and provide shade

4.     Clean gravel for spawning and egg-rearing

5.     Large woody debris to provide resting and hiding places

6.     Adequate food

7.     Varied channel forms.

C.     Food of Salmon

What a salmon eats depends on age, species, and location. When salmon are young and still in freshwater they eat tiny zooplankton and adult invertebrates. However, this varies among species. For instance, young coho salmon typically feed during the day and prefer aquatic insects at the surface of a stream, such as, mayflies, caddis flies, and stoneflies. The young chinook salmon prefers plankton off the river floor, as well as, terrestrial insects and small crustaceans. Another food source for a young salmon is found on overhanging riparian plants. Larvae and insects feeding on this vegetation often fall into the stream adding to a salmon’s diet. 

As a salmon matures and eventually leaves the freshwater for the ocean, their diet may change. While chum and sockeye salmon prefer to continue eating zooplankton and occasionally other small adult fish, other species begin to eat larger fish and aquatic insects. This includes shrimp, surf smelt, sand lance, crab, herring, amphipods, and krill. When a salmon returns to freshwater to spawn, feeding efforts virtually stop to conserve energy for the journey upstream, producing eggs, and digging a nest (redd).

D.     Salmon Life Cycle

·         Stage 1: The salmon begins life as an egg. The eggs in the photo above are called eyed eggs because the eye spot is visible. This is also an indicator that the egg is viable, meaning that it was fertilized and is growing life. The amount of incubation time is temperature dependent, with higher temperatures corresponding with shorter incubation time.

·         Stage 2: After the salmon hatches it is known as an Alevin. The Alevin does not yet have a fully formed mouth or digestive system. Instead it lives off the nutrients provided from its yolk sac.

·         Stage 3: As the Alevin’s digestive system matures the fish gradually becomes a Fry. Fry have vertical stripes on the side of their body known as parr marks. These marks are the reason why this stage is sometimes also known as the Parr stage. Fry like the Egg and Alvin live in freshwater.

·         Stage 4: The maturing Fry makes its way downstream to the estuary. The salmon transitions from living in freshwater to living in saltwater, through a process called osmoregulation. At the end of the transformation the salmon becomes a Smolt. Smolts loose the parr marks of the Fry and turn silvery

·         Stage 5: The growing Smolt eventually becomes the Ocean Going Adult. The Ocean phase leaves the nearshore waters and heads to the cold, open waters off of Japan and Alaska.

·         Stage 6: After spending 1-8 yrs (depending on species and reproductive maturity) in the ocean, salmon return to their natal streams to spawn and thus the Spawning phase. During migration salmon stop eating, and once freshwater is entered they have approximately 2 weeks left to live. Once mates are found and eggs are laid, the life cycle has officially been completed. However, there is one final phase for the Spawner.

·         Stage 7: When the Spawner dies its body is called a Carcass. During this stage salmon streams can become rather smelly. This Carcass, however, is super important to the overall ecosystem as well as the next generation of salmon. The Carcass provides ocean derived nutrients to the forest, the equivalent of a 10-20lbs bag of organic fertilizer per fish. This influx of nutrients helps trees and plants in the riparian zone grow. Strong healthy plants provide erosion control keeping streams dirt free. Tall trees shade the stream keeping the first 3 stages of the salmon life cycle cool. Young salmon also feed on the invertebrates that break down the carcasses of the Spawners.

E.     Salmon Reproduction

Salmon have external fertilization. They release their gametes (eggs and sperm) through an opening right in front of their anal fin. Female salmon release orange eggs. She may lay two to ten thousand eggs. Each of these is about the size of a small pea. Salmon eggs are rich in yolk - the material used as the food for the developing fish. Male salmon release white milt. The milt contains millions of sperm. Fertilization occurs as the salmon eggs and milt mix. The fertilized egg then settles into the redd (just below grade so that the flow of the stream does not move the fertilized egg). The pair moves upstream and repeats the process. This time the gravel that is dug for the second redd washes downstream and lands on the first redd thus covering it with just the right amount of gravel. What a neat trick these salmon have for protecting their nests. A pair will do this until they are out of gametes or out of energy. Males may spawn with several females if they are strong but females usually just spawn with one male. All of this may take only a day or two once the adults have reached the spawning grounds. After spawning the salmon die. All North Pacific salmon die after spawning. The females may guard their nests for a week or two after spawning if they still are alive. They get weaker each day and eventually are washed downstream and end up on the river banks.

CHAPTER III

Benefit of the Salmon

Salmon fishing to be excellent because the omega-3 content is high in it. Here are some of the benefits of eating salmon, as reported Healthy life club.

1. Improves brain function and memory
Vitamin A and amino acids are found in salmon are very efficient in stimulating brain activity and make your memory function optimally. These components contribute to the growth and development of brain cells.
2. Increase metabolism
Salmon contains nutrients that facilitate the absorption of sugar in the body and in this process are known as the best diabetes control and blood sugar control.
3. Muscle Development
Salmon contains proteins and amino acids which are the building blocks for muscle development. Nutrition is also known for developing tissue.
4. Prevent a heart attack
A heart attack is mainly caused by high levels of cholesterol in the body. High cholesterol levels in turn causes an increase in blood pressure that causes blood vessels to harden, so that there was a heart attack. So you do not become the victim of a heart attack, salmon is the best food to be consumed. Because generally, salmon reduce cardiovascular problems.
5. Reduces inflammation
Blood clots can be very dangerous and sometimes cause death if not treated properly. Salmon reduces the likelihood of blood clots, it completely eliminates the risk of stroke, blood arthritis, or cancer.

6. Reducing depression
Salmon is one of the best ever depressants available in the market. This is because they contain omega-6 highly effective in reducing depression and other types of stress.

7. Enhance eye view
Omega-3 fats contained in salmon helps in combating the problem of chronic dry eye, thus increasing your views during old age.
8. Maintain healthy skin and hair

When you eat salmon, then also you give omega-3 nutrients in the skin that can always make you look younger. Not only the skin, omega-3 and protein in salmon maintain hair strength.

CHAPTER IV

Conclution

Salmon is the common name for several species of fish in the family Salmonidae. Salmon have a standard fish body form. Salmon have two type they are Antlantic Salmon and Pacific Salmon. Salmon are unique in being anadromous.Salmon eat insects, Amphipoda, and other crustaceans.Salmon have external fertilization.Salmon fishing to be excellent because the omega-3 content is high in it. Here are some of the benefits of eating salmon, as reported Healthy life club.

REFERENCE

Atlas of Pacific Salmon, Xanthippe Augerot and the State of the Salmon Consortium, University of California Press, 2005

Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis, Joseph E. Taylor III, University of Washington Press, 1999

Trout and Salmon of North America, Robert J. Behnke, Illustrated by Joseph R. Tomelleri, The Free Press, 2002

The salmon: their fight for survival, By Anthony Netboy, 1973, Houghton Mifflin Co

Salmon, by Dr Peter Coates, 2006

http://whatcomsalmon.whatcomcounty.org/background-archive-questionofthemonth-1003.html